Goldman with the note:

Outbreaks in economies that vaccinated early such as Israel and new studies have raised doubts about the durability of vaccine protection and prompted booster rollouts. How much has the efficacy of major Western vaccines waned over time and how much will boosters help?

We first show that lower recent estimates of vaccine efficacy against infections reflect a reduction in the immune response to vaccines over time, higher vaccine resistance of the Delta variant, but also biases in several real world studies.
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