As we know, there have been three large scale reform and stimulus periods in China since 2011:
- 2012 reform to lower investment and higher consumption.
- 2013/14 higher investment and lower consumption.
- 2015 reform to lower investment and higher consumption.
- 2016/17 higher investment and lower consumption.
- 2018/19 reform to lower investment and higher consumption.
- 2020 higher investment and lower consumption.
Although this looks pretty damning in terms of wild policy gyrations, it has not been without progress. The consumption share of growth is higher today than in 2011. And there have been important structural legacies such as local government bond markets, deleveraged developers and yuan liberalisation.